Practical Content

 Practical Course in Zoology for B. Sc. I

1. Study of the following specimens (General characters and classification)CD/Model/Chart/Slides/Virtual

1. Phylum- Protozoa
Amoeba, Euglena, Plasmodium, Paramecium

2.    Phylum - Porifera
Sycon, Hyalonema, and Euplectella
3.    Phylum – Coelenterate 
Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Metridium

4.    Phylum – Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, 
Taenia,, Ascaris, Fasciola

5.    Phylum – Annelida
Aphrodite, Nereis, Pheretima, Hirudinaria

6.    Phylum- Arthropod
Peripatus, Palaemon, Crab, Limulus, Scolopendra, Julus, Periplaneta

7.    Phylum – Mollusca
Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Unio, Sepia, Octopus

8. .    Phylum – Echinodermata
Pentaceros, Ophiura, Echinus, Cucumaria and Antedon,

Kingdom: Protista

 Kingdom: Protista :

General Characters :

1.      These are microscopic unicellular or acellular animals .

2.      These are aquatic, found in fresh water or marine, some are found in damp soil and some are parasitic.

3.      Body is made up of a mass of protoplasm

4.      Presence of one or many nuclei.

5.      Locomotory organs are pseudopodia, cilia or flagella.

6.      Respiration and excretion occur through general body surface by diffusion.

7.      In freshwaters osmoregulation by contractile vacuoles.

8.      Nutrition is generally, holozoic or holophytic or saprozoic or sometimes parasitic.

9.      Reproduction sexual or asexual
 
Kingdom Protista includes the following  four phyla

Phylum -Sarcodina, 
Phylum - Ciliophora, 
Phylum - Zoomastigina 
Phylum - Sporozoa

AMOEBA :

Kingdom - Protista               Eukaryotic , unicellular, reproduces asexually

Phylum-     Protozoa             Microscopic unicellular animal

Class-        Rhizopoda          Locomotory organ pseudopodia

Order-       Lobosa                        Presence of short, blunt and lobe-like Pseudopodia

Type-         Amoeba proteus

 Characters:

1. Amoeba is found in freshwater bodies like ponds, streams, ditch where bacteria

            and decaying organic matter is rich.

1. The body is covered with a thin semi-permeable membrane called as plasmalemma.
2. Protoplasm is divisible into an outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm.
3. Presence of single nucleus and single contractile vacuole.
4. Pseudopodia are locomotory organs that are short and blunt lobe like
5. Reproduction is asexual by binary fission.

PARAMOECIUM :

·         Kingdom - Protista                        Eukaryotic , unicellular, reproduction sexual as well as asexual.

·         Phylum -    Protozoa                      Microscopic unicellular animal

·         Class-        Cilliata                         Cillia are chief locomotory organs

·         Order-       Holotricha                   Cillia are distributed all over the body.

·         Genus        Paramoecium

·         Species      caudutum        

CHARACTERS

1. It is commonly called a slipper animal because of its shape.
2. Paramoecium is found in freshwater bodies like ponds, streams, and ditches where bacteria and decaying organic matter are rich.
3. Body is covered with pellicles and cilia.
4. Cilia are the chief locomotory organs.
5. Cytoplasm is divisible into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm.  Endoplasm shows the presence  two nuclei, one is larger called macronucleus and the smaller is called micronucleus.
6. Presence of two contractile vacuoles and many food vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
7. Trichocysts are organs of offense and defense.
8. Reproduction sexually as well as asexually.  Sexual reproduction by means of conjugation and asexual reproduction by transverse binary fission.

EUGLENA

Kingdom - Protista                    Eukaryotic reproduction is sexual as well as asexual.

Phylum-     Protozoa                      microscopic unicellular animal

Class-        Mastigophora             Presence of locomotory organ flagellum.

Order-       Euglenoidina               Flagella is much longer.

Type -        Euglena

 

CHARACTERS

1.Euglena is freshwater flagellate found in pond, streams, ditches, and pools 

.2.Body is spindle-shaped and green-colored.

3. cytoplasm is divisible into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm.

4. Endoplasm contains a nucleus, chloroplast, and pyrenoids.  Single contractile vacuole,

5. Cytoplasm shows chloroplast presence of chloroplast.

6. Locomotion by means of the flagellum.

7.Euglena is saprophytic or holophytic in nutrition.

8.Reproduction  by binary fission

Dr, Vidhin Kamble 
Department of Zoology
Sangola College, Sangola 

Phylum- Porifera

 Phylum- Porifera 

GENERAL CHARACTERS:

The phylum porifera meaning pore bearing animals. The term is coined from Latin –Porous –pore ferre- to bear . The body surface bears pores.

General characters.
1.    They are aquatic animals found in fresh water some are marine forms.
2.    They are diploblastic, multicellular animals
3.    The consist of outer ectoderm and inner endoderm.
4.    Between ectoderm and endoderm  gelatinous mesogloea is present.
5.    Mesogloea  contains different types of amoeboid cells.
6.    The shape of body is vas shaped or cylindrical, symmetrical or asymmetrical.
7.    The surface of body shows minute pores called ostia.
8.    Toward the free end large opening is present called osculum.
9.    The body cavity encloses large cavity called spongocoel.
10.    Canal system is well developed consists of incurrent canal, excurrent canals.
11.    Body is supported by calcareous or silicic spicules and spongin fiber.
12.    Digestion is holozoic and intracellular.
13.    Reproduction is sexual as well as asexual.
14.    Regeneration power is very high.
15.    Fertilization is internal.
16.    Cleavage is holoblastic.

Phylum porifera consists of three classes these are
1.    Class 1 - Calcaria
2.    Class 2 – Desmospongia
3.    Class 3 –Hexactinellida

SYCON

Kingdome-       Anemalia       Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast        

Phylum -          Porifera           Pore bearing, cellular grade organization.

Class –             Calcaria           Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate,         

Order –            Heterocoela                  Canal system is well developed.

Type –             Schypha/Sycon                      

CHARACTERS:

1. Sycon is solitary or colonial sponge found attached to rock or any solid substratum.
2. Body is made up of many cylinders attached at the base.
3. Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate.
4. Each cylinder show wide opening called osculum.
5. Body surface is perforated with minute aperture called ostia.
6. Sycon encloses large cavity called as spongocoel.
7. Canal system is well developed.

HYALONEMA

Kingdome- Anemalia                     Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast         

Phylum -     Porifera                      Pore bearing, cellular grade organization.

Class –        Calcaria                       Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate,          

Order –       Amhidiscophora          Spicule  are ambhidisc i.e. with convex disc

Type –         Hylonema  (Glassroap)

8. Reproduction sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction by budding and regeneration.  

CHARACTERS:

1. It is commonly called as glassrope sponge
2. Body is rounded or oval and radially symmetrical.
3. Five and six  rayed spicule extends from all over the body.
4. Spicules are amphidisc i.e. with convex disc.
5. Attaché to substratum by stalk like root tuft..
6. Ex-current canal opens on gastral surface.
7. Presence of gastral cone.

 

SPONGILLA

Phylum - Porifera        Pore bearing, cellular grade organization.

Class -    Demospongia           Spongin fibres or siliceous spicules present. Canal system is present.

Order -    Monaxonida            Spongin may or may not be present, spicules monaxon type.

Type -     Spongilla

CHARACTERS:

1. Spongilla also called as bath sponge .
2. Spongilla is freshwater colonial sponge found in ponds and lake.
3. It found attached to the submerged objects.
4. It is brown in colour.
5. Spongilla  show wide opening called osculum.
6. Body surface is perforated with minute aperture called ostia.
7. Body  surface shows presence of minute apertures called ostia.
8. The skeleton shows spongin fibers and spicules.  
9. Reproduction sexually as well as asexually

PHYLUM: COELENTERATA

PHYLUM: COELENTERATA

GENERAL CHARACTERS

1.      These are aquatic animals; some are fresh water while some are marine water.

2.      They may be solitary, colonial, and sedentary or free swimming.

3.      They possess a cavity called coelenteron and are diploblastic having non cellular mesoglea.

4.      The animals are radially symmetrical and appear in two forms polyp and medusa.

5.      Digestion both extracellular and intra.

6.      Special types of cells i.e. stinging cells/ nematocysts are present.

7.      Reproduction sexual as well as asexual

8.      This phylum is divided in to following three classes

9.      Phylum — Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa.

HYDRA

Phylum;                 Coelenterata                Coelomic enteron 

Class:                     Hydrozoa                    Polyps without stomodaeum

Order :                   Hydroida                     Polyp stage is pre-dominant.

Genus:                   Hydra                         

Species                  vulgaris

·         CHARACTERS :

1.      Found in  freshwater in pond lakes and streams

2.      Attached to the substratum with it base

3.      Body is cylindrical.

4.      Mouth present on anterior end on hypostome.

5.      Mouth is surrounded by 6 to 10 tentacles.

6.      Nematocysts are the organs of offence and defense.

7.      Hermaphrodite animal.

8.      Reproduction by sexual and asexual.

OBELIA

Phylum;           Coelenterata                Coelomic enteron 

Class:               Hydrozoa                    Polyps without stomodaeum

Order :             Hydroida                     Polyp stage is pre-dominant.

Genus:             Obelia

Species            geniculata

·         CHARACTERS:

1.      Found in marine water.

2.      Colonial animal.

3.      Polyp or  hydranth is the nutritive zoids of colony.

4.      Tentacles are solid.

5.      Polyps reproduces asexually by budding.

6.      Sexual reproduction by Medusa.

JELLY FISH /AURELIA:

Phylum;           Coelenterata                Coelomic enteron 

Class    :           Scyphozoa                   Medusa stage dominant and polyp stage reduced or absent.

Order   :           Saemaeostomae           Flat disc like umbrella.

Genus :            Aurelia

·         CHARACTERS:

1. Commonly called as jelly fish.
2. Found in marine water.
3. Convex aboral surface (Umbrellar surface)
4.  concave oral surface  (Ex-umbrellar surface. )

5.   Mouth is present on ex-umbrelar surface..

6. Presence of 4 tentacles.
7. Present of 4 oral arms.
8. Tentacles with nematocyst as organ of offence and defense.
9. Sexes are separate.

SEA ANEMONE  (METRIDIUM)

Phylum;     Coelenterata                Coelomic enteron

Class  -      Anthozoa                                Only polypoid generation, sedentary, solitary or   colonial.

Order -      Actiniaria                                Without skeleton, with mesenteries or septa in multiple of six,

Type -        Metridium.                  Basal disc present.

CHARACTERS

1. It is marine coelenterate. 
2. It has usually brownish or pinkish colour.
3. Body is short, cylindrical, radially symmetrical  
4.  Body is divisible into pedal disc, column and oral disc
5. Pedal disc or base is attached to substratum firmly.
6. The column forms major part of the body.
7. The column is divisible into an upper, short, thin walled   capitulum and lower, thick walled scapus.
8.  The capitulum and the scapus are separated by a prominent fold called as collar.
9.  The oral disc is surrounded by several marginal tentacles around the mouth.

 
Dr, Vidhin Kamble 
Department of Zoology
Sangola College, Sangola